Evaluating policy instruments to foster energy efficiency for the sustainable transformation of buildings.

Highlights: [•] All policy instruments reviewed have the potential to generate economic benefits. [•] Regulations and labels seem to work cost-effectively in many environments. [•] Voluntary agreements are comparable to standards, but need specific environment. [•] Information programs are size and design sensitive. [•] Public leadership procurement programs have hidden impacts under other instruments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]Copyright of Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability is the property of Elsevier Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)